EnglishCauses, Actions, and Results
Sort the words into causes, actions, and results. Then read the model aloud.
- revolution [/ˌrevəˈluːʃən/]
- a sudden major political or social change
The revolution changed the country’s political system. - economic inequality [/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti/]
- an unfair difference in wealth and income
Economic inequality created anger among many workers. - reform [/rɪˈfɔːm/]
- an official change intended to improve a system
The education reform gave more children access to schools. - campaign [/kæmˈpeɪn/]
- an organised series of actions to achieve change
The campaign for voting rights lasted many years. - abolished [/əˈbɒlɪʃt/]
- officially ended by law
Slavery was abolished after years of public pressure. - established [/ɪˈstæblɪʃt/]
- officially created or started
A national health service was established in the twentieth century. - expanded [/ɪkˈspændɪd/]
- made larger or available to more people
Public services were expanded in growing cities. - voting rights [/ˈvəʊtɪŋ raɪts/]
- the legal right to vote in an election
Women were given voting rights after a long campaign. - public services [/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/]
- services provided by the government for everyone
Schools and hospitals are important public services. - housing [/ˈhaʊzɪŋ/]
- homes for people to live in
Affordable housing was built near the city centre. - pressure [/ˈpreʃə/]
- influence used to make someone act or change
The government acted because of pressure from workers. - social change [/ˈsəʊʃəl tʃeɪndʒ/]
- a change in how people live or how society works
Better education can lead to social change.
It is believed that the revolution was caused by economic inequality.
How Actions Happen to People and Things
Pattern | Board model |
|---|---|
Have/get something done | The city had its old bridge repaired. |
Reporting passive | It is believed that the reform improved daily life. |
Reporting passive: subject form | The reform is believed to have improved daily life. |
Passive with two objects | Many families were given new homes. |
Passive with two objects | New homes were given to many families. |
Say who arranged the action, who performed it, and who received something.
Complete the historical sentences
Choose or write the form that completes each sentence.
- Before the exhibition opened to the public, the museum had its old photographs [___] by specialists from the local archive.
- After historians studied the archives, [___] that the reforms changed life for workers across the region.
- After the war ended and housing was scarce, thousands of families [___] new homes by the local government.
- Rewrite the idea: “A technician repaired my laptop yesterday after it stopped working during an online meeting.”
After it stopped working during an online meeting, I [___] yesterday.
- Rewrite the idea: “A company printed the campaign posters before the public meeting began.”
Before the public meeting began, the organisers [___] by a local company.
- Rewrite the idea: “People say that the new law improved working conditions after the long campaign.”
After the long campaign, it [___] .
- Rewrite the idea: “Experts believe that the monument was built in 1900, before the revolution.”
The monument [___] before the revolution.
- Rewrite the idea: “The government gave citizens more voting rights after years of public pressure.”
After years of public pressure, citizens [___] by the government.
A Timeline of Social Change
Campaigns, Reforms, and Daily Life
Social change has often been created through long campaigns and public pressure. In 1833, slavery was abolished in most of the British Empire after years of campaigning. Later, free education was gradually established for more children, although access remained unequal in many areas. In 1918, some women in Britain were given the vote, and equal voting rights were extended in 1928. During the twentieth century, many public homes were built, health services were expanded, and new welfare reforms were introduced. It is widely believed that these changes improved daily life, although their benefits were not shared equally. Today, further reforms are being debated. More support is being requested for families, and it is said that affordable housing will be given greater priority. The effects of earlier reforms can still be seen in schools, workplaces, and public services.
- What was gradually established for more children?
- What was abolished in 1833?
- What is said about affordable housing?
Difficult words
- access — the opportunity or right to use something
- unequal — not fair or not the same for everyone
- welfare reforms — changes to systems that support people’s health and financial security
- benefits — positive results or advantages
- debated — discussed because people have different opinions
- affordable housing — homes that people can pay for without great difficulty
- priority — something considered more important than other things
Your Services and Their Impact
Write 50–90 words about services you use and their reputation or impact.
Include these ideas:
- I have my hair cut at …
- I got my laptop repaired …
- It is said that this restaurant …
- Include one passive with two objects, or connect a service to social change.
Useful phrases:
- I have/get my ___ repaired, checked, delivered, or cleaned.
- It is said that ___ is popular because ___.
- Local residents were given ___.
- Public services have been expanded in ___.
- This change has improved ___ for local people.
Suggested shape:
- Name a service and where you use it.
- Describe something you had or got done.
- Report what people say about a place or service.
- Add an impact on people or the community.
